Liking+words

**Giving examples ** The most common way of giving examples is by using **for example ** or **for instance **. **Namely ** refers to something by name."There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time." **Adding information ** Ideas are often linked by **and **. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before **and **. "We discussed training, education and the budget." **Also **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">We don't usually start a sentence with **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">also **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. If you want to start a sentence with a phrase that means also, you can use **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In addition, **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">or **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">In addition to this… ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">As well as **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence."As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition.""We are interested in costs as well as the competition." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Apart from **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">besides **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> are often used to mean **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">as well as **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, or **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">in addition to **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer.""Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Moreover **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">furthermore **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> add extra information to the point you are making."Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the competition." **<span style="color: #047391; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22px;">Sequencing ideas ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The former **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">the latter **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> are useful when you want to refer to one of two points. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Firstly, … secondly, … finally **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'arial','sans-serif';">(or **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">lastly **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">) <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> are useful ways to list ideas. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">It's rare to use "fourthly", or "fifthly". Instead, try **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">the first point **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> the second point **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">the third point **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">and so on. **<span style="color: #047391; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22px;">Giving a reason ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Due to **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">owing to **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> must be followed by a noun. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill all its orders." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Because / because of ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Because of **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">is followed by a noun. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Because **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, "Because it was raining, the match was postponed." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Since / as ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Since **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">as **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> mean **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">because **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." **<span style="color: #047391; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22px;">Giving a result ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Therefore **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">so **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> consequently **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">as a result **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> are all used in a similar way. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"The company are expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">So **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">is more informal. **<span style="color: #047391; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 22px;">Contrasting ideas ** **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">But **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> is more informal than **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">however **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"He works hard, but he doesn't earn much.""He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Although **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">despite **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">in spite of **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Although it was cold, she went out in shorts.""In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Despite **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">in spite of **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> are used in the same way as **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">due to **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">owing to **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">the fact that. **   <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees." **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">While **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">, **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">whereas **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> and **<span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">unlike **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">are used to show how two things are different from each other. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">"Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 21px;">Linking words help you to connect ideas and sentences, so that people can follow your ideas. **